An Analysis via Erikson’s Theory Essay

Hillary Clinton is a well-known political figure, with many contradictions in her personality. This difficult Democratic primary election process has revealed interesting features of her personality, from her strong, resolute character, reflected in her perseverance despite political challenges, to her vulnerability, which she has shown in several moments, like that well-publicized tearful scene in the New Hampshire primary, in front of all the cameras. I chose Erikson’s theory of personality to help explain the development of Hillary Clinton’s personality. Erikson proposes that an individual develops her personality by passing through various life stages, each marked by a specific area of conflict. Hence, I will apply Erikson’s stages to Hillary Clinton’s personality development and life events. Erikson’s first life stage is trust versus mistrust, followed by the second stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. During Hillary’s infancy and early childhood, Hillary was born into a supportive family with a strong religious background. Her parents nurtured her emotional development. In such a supportive environment, her personality flourished, as she found her caregivers and family caring and reliable. Independence and self-reliance were encouraged at an early age in Hillary’s family. Erikson’s third stage is the conflict of initiative versus guilt. Early in her childhood, Hillary was encouraged by her parents to be assertive. Personal drive was strongly encouraged, as she excelled early in school, and as she was encouraged to stand up for her rights. One popular incident was illustrated by Hillary’s mother when one time, Hillary came home crying because she was being bullied. After a long talk with her mother, Hillary came back to school, and punched her bully. Erikson’s fourth stage of industry versus inferiority is a major period of success for Hillary Clinton. From the time of her early childhood to high school, she excels in school, graduating first in her class. Hillary develops a strong feeling of purpose and self-worth, which carries forward her ambitions later in life. Her sense of industry and accomplishment are further validated by her academic achievement in Wellesley College and Yale University. Erikson’s fifth stage of identity versus role confusion is often matched to an individual’s  teenage years, but this stage covers many events in Hillary’s personality development, extending beyond her teenage years. Hillary’s parents allowed her to gain her own voice. She was encouraged to break free beyond the traditional female roles of her time, to pursue higher education and a career. Her political leanings radically changed, as she left her earlier registration in the Young Republican party, to join the Democratic Party. In her valedictory speech at Wellesley College, she embraced the strong sentiment against the Vietnam War and full support for the civil rights movement. Like many members of her generation that time, Hillary tried to find her identity in the turbulent society of the 1960’s. The sixth stage of Erikson corresponds to an individual finding love, in a struggle of finding intimacy versus isolation. As a law student at Yale University, Hillary met her husband, Bill Clinton. While Bill Clinton’s infidelity will challenge this relationship, the relationship between Hillary and Bill Clinton is a true partnership. Despite the proposals of cynics that Hillary stuck with Bill Clinton because of his political connections, many sources still acknowledge that the love between Hillary and Bill Clinton has been genuine. This family unit, also built around their sole daughter Chelsea Clinton, has helped the Clintons weather political turmoil. Erikson’s seventh stage of generativity versus stagnation is a major question that keeps recurring in Hillary Clinton’s life. Hillary Clinton has worked hard on her legacy, and continues to do so. During her husband’s administration, Hillary took up active roles in formulating government policy, including an attempt at health care reform, far beyond the traditional roles of a First Lady. Not content after Bill Clinton left the White House; Hillary Clinton decided to pursue her own ambitions by running for the Senate. Finally, as she attempts to clinch the Democratic presidential nomination, Hillary strives to make history as America’s first female president. Perhaps, it is this driving force to leave a legacy which is the source of Hillary Clinton’s tenacity during the Democratic primary. The final stage of Erikson’s life development, involving ego identity versus despair, is an open chapter in Hillary’s life. If she fails to secure her lifelong dream of becoming the first American female president, will her personality turn to despair? Or instead – will she instead be satisfied with her family and her political accomplishments? Time will decide how Hillary’s personality  development will unfold. In summary, Erikson’s life stages of development offer a useful framework for understanding Hillary Clinton’s motivations and personality development. The various conflicts in Erikson’s theory highlight the life of Hillary Clinton, who faced many challenges to reach her current unique position of success and historical significance.

Internship Argumentation

Faith Rivers Dr. Gul Celkan English 1101 October 22, 2012 Internship Argumentation Internships are opportunities that many students take before graduating from college. Whether paid or unpaid, they’re beneficial to students, nonetheless. They provide experience that can’t be learned elsewhere, and also gives them an edge in comparison to students that don’t take the opportunity. Of course, internships can have their downfalls in which they may not be taken as seriously as a ‘real world’ job but the pros that internships offer outweigh the cons.As I’m naturally a clumsy person, I would feel much more content knowing that when I go to the hospital, skilled physicians are treating me. I wouldn’t feel too safe if I knew that the doctor treating me was straight out of college, and had no experience under his belt. I would question the care that I’m under. Internships are another way for students to gain priceless experience rather tha n learning only from a textbook. These students are able to work in the job market, and put their skills to use. In good timing of course! They also have the chance to watch and learn from experienced personnel.Another advantage to internships is the contacts that they make while there. They’re able to branch out under these facilities, which provide them with a network of contacts to rely on. Having the note, ‘intern at ‘x’ company’ sticks out like a green checkmark on their resume as companies appreciate this when looking at a graduates resume. It immediately makes them more competitive in the job market, and has more significance to a company. Companies know that these graduates have had similar work, and experience that they can put to good use in the company’s facility as well.Graduates are also generally prepared for the work force. These earlier interns know what they’re getting into when they’re applying for these jobs an d they’re prepared. This is useful for the organizations that they’re applying to because the companies can be assured that they’ve had some sort of training in the field before. Confidence is key! This is a popular saying and needs to be applied in this scenario. Internships provide a safety net for graduates in multiple ways. The graduates can rest assured that they have an understanding of what they’re doing, and how to apply that knowledge in the job market.It’s common that most companies hire back their interns, which is beneficial to both sides of the party. It’s beneficial to the companies because the employees have had the chance to meet the intern and work alongside them. In the same way, it’s favorable to the graduate because they’ve been able to put their knowledge to use, and have had the opportunity to work in that respected facility and get an idea of what it’s like. Despite all of the advantages that inter nships offer, the downside is that if a student takes an unpaid internship, then the student won’t find any motivation towards it.In most jobs, people work hard to keep their jobs in order to receive the reward: their paycheck. With an internship, students will just look at it as a volunteer activity and not fully appreciate it or the knowledge that it provides. The internship would just be another thing to check off of the list. Also, interns won’t receive the regular training in that job. Since companies know that the student is only interning for a select amount of time, companies won’t train as thoroughly.Additionally, the students won’t get the same work as that of a regular employee. The companies will figure that since the students are still in school and only interning, then the students won’t grasp the process of everything or won’t do it correctly. There are many opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of internships, but look ing at the facts, it’s evident that internships are extremely beneficial to students. Companies realize this as well when looking at graduates’ resumes, because these past interns are eye-catching to companies.Internships also show companies that these grads have potential working in their facility. The past interns know what they’re getting into and are knowledgeable and prepared. Comparing a student’s resume with one that did an internship compared to that of one that didn’t, the company would have more interest in the student that was an intern before. Internships provide students experience that can’t be learned from a textbook or elsewhere! Dent, Ashley. â€Å"Internship Argumentation Essay. â€Å" Macon State College. Warner Robins, GA. 2012

Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects

Vietnam has a wide variety of religions practiced in their country. Nine point three percent of Vietnams population are Buddhist, six point seven percent are Catholic, One point five percent are Hoa Hao, one point one percent are Cao Dai. Less than one percent are Protestant and Muslim. Even though Vietnam has a lot of variety of religions over eighty percent claim no religion (East and Southeast Asia, 2012). Even thought there is a wide variety of religions in Vietnam, most of the people who live there have a sense of the richness and variety of traditional Vietnamese religion.In older tradition the majority of Vietnamese people believed they inhabited a world alive with gods and spirits. They didn't make a distinction of the living world and the spirit or dead world. They also didn't make a distinction between the world human beings, nature, vegetable, an animal. the believed that the energy of these worlds are all connected. Because of this religion plays a big part in the daily l ife of a Vietnamese person. In addition, your social status also affects how and what you believe. or example, Confucian scholars, who prided themselves for their rationality, often scoffed at what they considered the superstitious nature of peasant religion. But they, also had religious believes that they lived by. Where you work also determines what you believe. Fishermen, were notorious for the variety and richness of their beliefs. Some beliefs were shared by all Vietnamese. Others were adhered to only in one region or a small locality. Some were so deeply embedded in the culture as to be considered a part of tradition, holding sway over believers and non-believers alike.Maybe because of the many religions or the way the Vietnamese people think, religion doesn't play a big part in their country as a whole, but it does play a big part in the lives of the citizens of Vietnam. Even though, half of the world's population lives in The Asia region people aren't migrating to Vietnam (S tephen Castles, 2009). Vietnam is a very traditional country with allot of different ethnic groups. Vietnam is home to fifty-four official ethnic groups, the majority of which live in highland areas. Although some large groups such as, the Cham or Chinese, live in lowlands or urban areas.I will go over a couple of the most known ethnic groups. There are eighty-five point seven percent of the Vietnamese are Kinh, which is said to be the native people of Vietnam. There are one point nine percent Tay people, who originates from the Chinese side of the Vietnamese – Chinese border. One point eight percent are Thai and are from Thailand. One point five percent are Muong which are the people who live in the mountains in Vietnam, and Khmer who come from Cambodia. One point two percent are Mong and they come from Mongolia. Less than one percent are Nung which are considered to be the â€Å"poor† people of Vietnam.The last five point three percent are labeled as other (East and Southeast Asia, 2012). Most people in Vietnam are natives to that land but their ancestors migrated from china long ago. Because of this migration doesn't play a big part in Vietnams present but it does play a big part in its history. Even though they have been ruled by other countries most of the time, they kept a strong belief in their country and culture. Migration in Asia isn't a new thing for them. Asians from these regions have been migrating for centuries. But in the 1970s and 1980s, international migration from Asia grew dramatically.The main destinations were North America, Australia, and the oil economies of the Middle East. Since the 1990s, migration within Asia has grown, particularly from less-developed countries with massive labor surpluses to fast-growing newly industrializing countries (Stephen Castles, 2009). In today's society migration has dropped. The reason for this is the Asian government wanted to control migration and migration rights were limited. They also made migration temporary in that region so people were prohibited to have family reunions.Even though migration has dropped, emigration has risen six percent over the past ten years (Stephen Castles, 2009). There are about 2. 6 million people leaving Asia to look for work. In the 21st century over 6 million Asians are employed outside of their own countries within the Asian region. This has grown a great deal since the 1980s and has helped the Asian region grow. A lot of Asia's were able to find work in the Middle East after the oil prices rose in 1973. This also contributed to the migration and emigration in Vietnam. The referred to these workers as contract labor.The companies that employed them made it clear that they couldn't bring family with them. In the 70s most of the works who migrated were male so the men of the house had to leave their families just to find work and provide for them. In the 1980s the economy was growing so rapidly and fertility was declining it cause a st rong demand for labor workers. Even though they in Asia, most of the workers aren't Asian. While existing flows from countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines have continued, new source countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma have become more significant (Stephen Castles, 2009).In the 1990s there was a demand for female domestic workers that started in the Middle East and then Asia. If women didn't work in the domestic sector they often had the â€Å"typical female† jobs. Some examples of these jobs are entertainers(mostly prostitutes), restaurant and hotel staff, and assembly line workers in clothing or electronics. These jobs were poor paying and had terrible conditions. They were also associated with patriarchal stereotypes of female docility, obedience, and willingness to give personal services (Stephen Castles, 2009).Another big form of female migration in Asia is female migration marriage. Since the 1900s, foreign brides have been sought out by farmers in areas likes Japan and Taiwan. This is one of the only permanent forms of immigration in Asia that is permitted. From the Asian government sand point it seem that these practices with women help their country, but it is sexist and will put the government in a terrible situation with women rights groups. The diversity in the religion and culture have shaped the Vietnamese people into who they are today.Even though it doesn't play a big part in the economy or government, religion is still a big part of the lives of the Vietnamese citizen. The religion is mixed in with their culture which makes the citizens of Vietnam a pride people. With the ever growing Asian economy Vietnam is in a good place to grow also. Even though the country has had allot of adversity, it has overcome it all. In the future maybe they will work on their women's rights issues and continue to grow its economy. If that is done I have no doubt that the citizens of Vietnam will be happy and the economy wil l grow. ?

Is America a Christian country Should it be Term Paper

Is America a Christian country Should it be - Term Paper Example Christianity has various forms and branches with accompanying different practice sand beliefs. The three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism. There are numerous subcategories of these branches still. Most followers of Christianity were mainly found in the West until late 20th century but now it has spread rapidly to all the continents. The one God believed by Christians exist as The Father, The son and The Holy Spirit giving emphasis on the faith of Christ. The sacred book of Christians is the bible including Hebrew scripture (Old Testament) and the New Testament. The common practices to Christians are gathering at churches for worship, study fellowship and even interacting with rest of the world and other Christians through evangelism and social work. In the case America, Christianity was introduced to United States by the colonizing Europeans around 16th and 17th century. Immigrants from other places further increased the numbers. Christianity is the most popular religion and the denominations here can be divided into Mainline Protestantism, Evangelical Protestantism and Roman Catholic. A research conducted in 2004 on religions in United States, it showed 26.3% Evangelical, 22% Roman Catholics and 16% Mainline Protestantism. Most surveys done in America have constantly shown that over 73% of Americans identified themselves as Christians (Boyd, 2007). Many people especially some politicians and religious activists have argued that America was meant to be Christian nation by those who founded it. Having a large portion of the population being Christians does not simply qualify the country to be a Christian nation. To be a Christian nation it has to be official, Christian beliefs at least, have to be enshrined in the constitution and institutions like judiciary, education departments, and commissions should be shaped by Christian

BU3019c Enterprise Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BU3019c Enterprise Finance - Essay Example No matter the size of the business, big or small, banks can be the solution to financing. A bank can also finance a project based on the business needs. For instance, if a large successful business needed a new warehouse, a bank might advance cash. Big business generally have banks issue stocks or bonds on the market to raise money for their loans. This can generate money, but if the bank or stock fails, the results are disaster. For example, Northern Rocks Share price crashed after credit freezes in the interbank money market. Walayat (2007) explains: Northern Rocks Share price crashed by 30% today as the mortgage bank sought emergency funds from the Bank of England due to the credit freeze in the interbank money market which Northern Rock heavily relies upon. Panic gripped savers forming long lines outside Northern Rock Branches throughout the UK to withdraw funds. Investors dumping the stock on the market open where even unsubstantiated rumors of takeovers and white knights failed to halt the crash in the banks share price. The tick chart for the Northern Rock bank decline is shown below: The drawbacks for bank loans are two fold. First, most banks require collateral. If a party defaults on a bank loan, the bank will foreclose. Secondly, a business must have good credit. Without almost perfect credit, banks will not even consider giving a business a loan. The upside is most banks have lower interest rates than other means of investment. For example, (Simple Pound, 2007) reports that The Bank of England has a 5.5% interest rate. This is quite low considering credit cards charge up to three times that figure. The chart below shows the highs and lows in interest rate at The Bank of England over the years. Investments can be used in various ways to finance a business (Loeb, 2007, 10). An international corporation, such as Microsoft, can sell stocks to generate financing for their

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States Research Paper

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States - Research Paper Example As a matter of fact, it would not be an exaggeration in stating that there is hardly any developing economy that has displayed substantial growth without the assistance of an advanced country. The technological and commercial strength of a rich economy is more or less imperative for a developing country in realization of its full potential. In the contemporary global economic landscape, China is the leader amongst all developing countries in terms of registering the fastest growth rate. That the country (China) has established economic ties with various developed economies in no way takes away the credit from the committed endeavors of the Chinese Government. The government of China has been initiating many measures, some of which may not be pleasing to the country’s denizens. Nonetheless, these initiatives can be considered to be indispensable for the long-term prosperity of the country. This could be conveniently compared with an analogy that a bitter medicine, despite its repulsive taste, is imperative for the recovery of an ailing person. In fact, it is this very courage of the government in taking bold and concrete steps that is lacking in most of the other developing economies. In these regions there are numerous social, economic and cultural factors that have turned out to be serious impediments in growth -related pursuits. But as discussed earlier, the Chinese Government gives more importance to the overall growth and prosperity of the country, rather than concentrating on populist schemes that just please the citizens. That most of these measures jeopardize the long-term economic interests of the country warrants no special mention. The committed endeavors of the government, coupled with strategic alliances with prosperous economies have ensured that China now holds the number one position in all developing regions of the globe. The history of the relations between both the countries is rather complex, as it

Mordern database Managment assignment Four Essay

Mordern database Managment assignment Four - Essay Example Presently there have been extensive growth in the use and development in the database technology. Additionally, this new and advanced technology of the database is used to manage large volumes of organizational and business data. In addition, the utilization of database technology and systems in supporting applications that used to handle the business and query based report production is the basic traditional utilization of this technology. Though, the size as well as volume of data being handled increases new and interesting concerns. Presently this technology is used to facilitate businesses in attaining effective competitive advantage and underlying business processes. This new database technology also helps improve business processes and decision making. Moreover, at the present businesses are using the database based business intelligence systems such as data warehouse, data mining tools, and OLAP technology (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). I have selected the topic which is related to use of data warehousing technology structure implementation at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is a world’s largest retail store chain. This paper is written by Patrick  ¨ Ohlinger with title of â€Å"Wal-Mart’s Data Warehouse† This paper can be accessed using following link: http://www.derbaum.com/tu/WalMarts%20DWH.pdf. In this paper Ohlinger (2006) stated that the use of data warehousing technology at Wal-Mart is offering a lot of advantages to its business. The new technology based working structure has offered a lot of business advantages to overall operational management and the business. In this scenario the use of the data warehousing technology offers better support for the analysis of customer buying behavior, which leads to effective formulation of the policies by the Wal-Mart management to present more attractive deals to its customer

Effects of marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effects of marijuana - Research Paper Example Thus, the paper looks at these effects as they occur on the individuals and society as a whole. Marijuana, popularly known as pot, weed or cannabis, Mary Jane, Indian hemp, pot, grass, herb, dope, and ganja ranks third in the most popularly recreational drug in America. It is ranked after alcohol and tobacco respectively. It is, however, the most used of the illegal drugs in America. Cannabis sativa, from whose dried leaves marijuana is made, grows naturally in many humid and tropical parts of the world. Interestingly, its use as a mind-altering drug has also been tied to the pre-historic societies in Africa and Euro-Asia by archeological evidence. In recent times, marijuana usage statistics has been seen to escalate (Mehling 8-11). Nevertheless, as popular as it is, there are several effects of marijuana such as health and social effects. What are these health and social effects? The paper will examine these effects to answer this question. According to the United States government surveys, more than 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana during the past year. Over 14 million doing so regularly in spite of the harsh laws against its use. According to Hanson et al., (403), 10.1 out of 18.1 million illicit drug users in the United States used only marijuana in the past month making a significant 64.3 percent. In 2011, 38% of 8th graders, 82 % of the 12th graders and 68 % of the 10th graders reported marijuana as among the drugs that are fairly easy or very easy to get. It shows how highly accessible marijuana is (Maisto, Galizio and Connors 24-26). Perhaps, this is fueled by the fact that, while it grows wildly in some states, thus, is easily accessible to the populace, in some states it ranks among the largest cash-generating crops. California produces an estimated 40% of the marijuana consumed in the United States and generates nearly $18.8 billion in revenue. Marijuana is traditionally smoked in hand-rolled joints, in pipes,

Labor Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Labor Economics - Essay Example While I hope to make a career of this work, I realize that most professional employees change jobs several times during their careers, so that it might be unrealistic to plan on remaining with my first employer for my entire career. However, the important thing is to be loyal to my employer for as long as I am there, Because that is what is expected of an employee and is what the employer deserves. If I am happy in my job and am treated well, I would like to remain at the company for most or all of my career. Some indicators of being treated well would be regular pay and benefit increases, increased job responsibilities, and full and fair consideration for promotions. After several years with that employer, I should be able to judge if this is the firm with which I would want to remain, or if I should begin searching for a new employer. Should I decide to leave this first company, it would be important to give adequate notice and fulfill all responsibilities including those of a depa rting employee. In order to prepare myself for a long-term career over the next thirty to forty years, I plan on keeping up with developments in my field through several forms of further education. Changes in information technology and in the field of security have become faster and faster, so that I would have to keep up in order to avoid my skills becoming obsolete. Further college education would be available both in person and on line, and there are continuous training seminars and similar opportunities which I would pursue. 2 Retirement will depend on my earnings during my working career, the retirementbenefits available through my employment, and my ability and willingness to save andinvest for that retirement. There is always a trade-off between present enjoyment ofone's income and saving for the future. I would hope to be able to make the maximumcontributions from my income to a sound private retirement plan, but it will also beimportant for me to choose an employer offering a good retirement program. Someemployers have been cutting back on their own retirement contributions, so I wouldlook at the history of any employer whom I am considering to see if such cutbacks haveoccurred or are likely now. I would like to retire around the age of sixty if possible, tohave some years to enjoy the benefits of my advance planning and the savings andinvestments I have accumulated. 2. According to Economics by McConnell and Brue, 16th Edition, McGraw Hill Irwin,Chapter 8, the major types of unemployment are frictional, seasonal, cyclical, andstructural. Frictional unemployment is normal in any free society, as it comes from people exercising their right to change jobs so as to better themselves. Frictional unemployment also covers people who are temporarily out of work due to moving to a new location, experiencing some kind of personal or family problem, and so on. Seasonal unemployment occurs in jobs such as construction which cannot be done during the entire year. Often, the wages paid in such jobs are above the usual level in order to compensate for the period of unemployment. Other seasonal types of jobs might be lifeguard at a beach or instructor at a ski resort, and similar situations.

RESEARCH ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

RESEARCH - Essay Example Different political parties therefore do have different frameworks of handling these different policies and when they come together to work, they have to rationalize the different policies that they have, to come to a binding and conclusive policy paper that clearly articulates how to deal with the issues (Spoonley, Dupuis, and Bruin, 2006). In the rationalization of the policies, there are likely to be challenges that are faced by the parties since the ideological beliefs of the parties may not be flexible to alter. The party’s secretariats have to therefore exercise tolerance and allow the give and take principle to take precedence so that a conclusion can be reached. In the case of New Zealand, the possibility of the Green party and Labour party coming together for a coalition must definitely show its strengths as well as the weaknesses in dealing with the issue of employment and unemployment in the country. Thus, this paper looks at the different positions held by the two political parties ha and how they will work for and against them in case they form a coalition government, and is biased to the issues of unemployment among youths in the country. Ideological Positions of the Parties on Employment Matters An ideology in the political environment is defined as a set of political thoughts that guides and determines policies and political action. Political ideologies are not accepted by all the people of every nation and this is even seen in the individual political parties. In this case, the Green and the Labour party have different political ideologies concerning matters relating to employment and unemployment issues. Ideological References of the Green Party The Green party has shown consistent approach to the issues that relates to employment. In their policies, they can be rated to have those policies that appeal to those who are employed. For instance, from 1999, the party has conceived policies for the betterment of the employees (Steve, 2010). They repeal the ECA payment equity for the women in the country. They also made proposal to extend the parental leave progressively form 12 weeks by 1999 to 14 weeks by 2011. The party has also proposed the minimum annual leave to be 4 weeks and have maintained the position to date. The reduced working hours in a week has also been an issue that is critically looked into by the party and maintained it to 35 hours in a week (Auston, 2008). In a very controversial way, the party has also encouraged child employment but maintained that the environment for such employees be safe. Above all, the party has throughout maintained that workers must be supported through their cooperatives; the party has then supported the workers through their cooperatives. They have also worked for the review of the ERA and in that sense, they have supported industrial democracy, employment, and pay equity (Auston, 2008). They have also supported the views of collective bargaining coupled with the balance of wages and life as well as job security. The contribution of the party to the issues of industrial relations has been manifested by the party and it can be attested that it holds a strong position for the employed and wants to better their condition of life. Ideological References of the Labour Party The industrial relatio

Epidemiologic Study design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Epidemiologic Study design - Essay Example This study design finds good application in epidemiology for investigating conditions which are relatively rare and in conditions with long latency periods. A researcher performs analysis by looking back in time to evaluate the case and control groups in terms of exposure history and indication of characteristics that may put the subjects at risk for developing the condition under study. Analysis is conducted under the assumption that differences in the history of exposure will explain the occurrence of more cases than controls (Portney and Watkins, 2009). The two main strengths of case-control studies are: ease in gathering subjects, and their utility to provide estimates which may support causal relationship between risk factors and the condition (disease) in combination with other evidences (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Case-control studies are, somehow, limited in the sense that there is a possibility of uncertainty in the temporal relationship between the exposure and the condition (disease). Another limitation in this type of study design is that the proportion of cases and controls in the study is not related to the proportion of cases and controls in the population. Case control studies require further analysis pertaining to the potential for bias (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Moreover, in a case-control study design, control of selection is difficult; it may be applied to the study of only one disease outcome at a time and is usually subject to recall bias (Jekel, Katz and Elmore, 2001). In a case-control study, neither absolute risk nor odds can not be measured since â€Å"it is only possible to calculate risk in a study where subjects have been followed forward in time† (Daly and Bourke, 2000, p. 166). However, Daly and Bourke (2000) revealed that â€Å"the cross-product ratio in a case-control study, which legitimately estimates the ratio of the odds of exposure, must also be a valid estimate of the ration of

Deurbanization in Detroit Essay Example for Free

Deurbanization in Detroit Essay Downtown Detroit has faced tremendous decline over decades, and only now is it undergoing some redevelopments. Many city-led efforts have altered the city and its economy by focusing on taking in corporate dollars and new residents, but it is said by some grassroots organizations that issues faced by Detroit’s inner-city neighborhoods are left ignorant by this method. To create a socially sustainable Detroit, a crucial notion will be the growing collaboration between the advocates of these disparate strategies. Present day Detroit stands at a junction in terms of its future and how it’ll pan out via these redevelopments. Since the early to mid 20th century Downtown has not looked any better. Loft living, casinos, new stadiums and resettlement of corporate offices of companies like Compuware and of very recent Quicken Loans are all supplying to people so they return, which stands to be a reflection of the return of cooperate development. With respect to history since the 1960’s and subsequently, in recent years majority of the city’s resources have been the focus of this traditional or corporate redevelopment model. However, the efficiency of these tactics comes to questioning when you see how throughout Detroit, both in downtown and innumerable neighborhoods, most of the post-industrial decay and desolation found is produced by corporations. Concepts like ‘Creative class†, the â€Å"Cool cities’, green collar jobs, urban agriculture and even ‘Imagination economy’ argufy the traditional corporate tax-break-downtown paradigm. Present debate over the city’s redevelopment also ruminate an urban culture which came upon arduous history of clashing classes, racism, deindustrialization and down grading environment, So to achieve conceiving the purpose of city and society and not just redevelop it. Today, in order to reinvent a new Detroit for the 21st century the city an d its residents must come in terms with the bygones and the crude realty which it has imprinted up on the city. Corporate Refurbishment With new lofts, residences and restaurants emerging near downtown Detroit, all thanks to corporate projects like Ford Field, Comerica Park and the relocation of Quicken Loans and Compuware, the city is made more vibrant. But these pledges are likewise a deliberate choice to entice back through, physical enhancements and attraction, the white middle that fled since the early Second World War and continue even today. Simultaneously, these policies neglect many concerns in the city’s neighborhoods where reside largely African American. Status quo policies are eventually implanted in the same system that originally resulted in Detroit’s downfall and it seems that it fails to acknowledge the history of decline that shaped the city’s problems to begin with. They carry a sense of immediacy and rightly so. But the long term reliability of these solutions is unclear, especially when attention given to alternatives is rare. Downtown city perhaps, being the most prominent city symbol, stands far from being a decent portrayal of Detroit as a whole. ‘Cool Cities’ program of the state of Michigan and ‘Creative Class’ notion of Richard Florida manifests some of the most prevalent concepts as substitutes to the strictly corporate and grand model of urban redevelopment. These ideas cater to create a ‘people climate’ to attract the crowd by emphasizing the link between education centers, a vibrant ‘authentic’ urban center and a lively middle class. Their bases rely on containing and appealing talented people via opportunities and educational institutions rather than creating casinos and stadiums to lure tourist. Successful examples of this strategy are: San Francisco, Chicago, Portland and New York. In some regards Detroit is striving to replicate these cities’s success. Loft living, local restaurants, the educational appeal of Wayne State University and to some stretch, the river walk, is this notions part. Nevertheless, there lies a prominent belief under these ideas that struggling cities like Detroit can only be revitalized by attracting fresh residents, instead of investing in the people having bore the living cost of urban decline, and go beyond radical and particularly class boundaries. Fresh solutions to the Urban Crisis: With a focal point being Detroit’s neighborhood, an increasing number of people prefer a truly new means of thinking on how urban centers be redeveloped in a holistic manner for a socially and an environmentally sustainable future. Entrepreneurial socialist Jackie Victor, â€Å"Community activist† Grace Lee Boggs, and Capuchin Monks and organizations alike The Greening of Detroit advocate for people and believe that residents, forgotten and abandoned by what Boggs titles the â€Å"dominant culture† must ‘grow their souls’ which meet their needs by visualizing a fresh way of redevelopment. The growing presence of urban organic farming in the city’s neighborhoods manifests new ways of conceiving Detroit’s present situation, business morals of Avalon Bakery (with a devotion to local community and socially responsible mission, is an organic bakery opened by Detroit residents) and even at university level, where from the University of Detroi t Mercy a group of students formed the Adamah Project, an agricultural and green vision for Detroit’s eastside. Co founder, Avalon Bakery , Jakie Victor highlights not only her business model but also wider themes of self determination and local reliance when she writes â€Å"Sustainability, local economy, and community are three pillars of the path not-yet taken in Detroit. A path that moves beyond downtown development, beyond ‘cool cities. The Imagination Economy can be an authentic expression of who we are, .However the uneven focus given on downtown leads to these themes not being presented on equal level in the city redevelopment strategies, which very similar to suburban sprawl, neglects and sustains in society class and racial division that have been Detroit’s and other cities – part for years of history. Not focusing on the needs and assets of the current residents, the local government seems vastly focused on luring people to the city. It is unwilling, amidst the continued desolation of its residents, to look for new solutions that would aim to profit a larger division of the city but is rather enraptured with the idea that community wellbeing and jobs can only come through physical improvements and corporations. As a result same people, who have been at the pit of this flunked system, receive a clear message of hopelessness and betrayal. A holistic approach to redevelopment In Detroit the community-centered ‘agri-urban’ sides of the redevelopment argument seeks to rebuilt the prevailing communities of the city and in an all-inclusive way , by linking environment issues, education and in Avalon Bakery’s instance, business ethics. In August 2007, after a lucrative garden tour of the city, one Detroiter remarked: Detroit, without a doubt is a stronghold of possibility. When these disparate, groups advocating redevelopment, harness the potential for collaboration and genuine dialogue, Detroit can reach beyond possibility, to become the next grand American city, by creating a authentic holistic redevelopment structure that addresses historically established problems of community degradation and race/class while dealing with subjective matters such as environmental sustainability. To some it seems unreasonable that Detroit should bear a radically dissimilar model of urban redevelopment policy alone, a city affected by treacherous Federal policies. If successful, Detroit will become an exemplar for the region as a compliant metropolitan future and that’ll make the entire difference.

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay The study is aimed to investigate the Quality of Life of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients in relation to Severity of the symptoms and Cognitive Appraisal. The study will explore the predictors of Quality of life of OCD patients from variables of Symptom Severity dimensions and Cognitive Appraisal. It is hypothesized that patients having OCD with more Symptom Severity, and Cognitive Appraisal of obsessions will have impaired Quality of life. Correlational research design and purposive sampling will be used. 60 patients with primary diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive disorder, with age range of 18 years and above will be recruited. For assessment, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptom Checklist (OCDSC), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), and WHOQOL-BREF will be used. Pearson Product Moment will be employed to find the relationship of Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal with Physical health, Psychological health, Social and Environment related Quality of life. In addition, Multip le Regression Analysis will be used to explore the predictor of Quality of life of patients with Obsessive Compulsive disorder. Introduction The study investigates the Quality of Life (QoL) of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients in terms of Symptom Severity and cognitive appraisal. The severity of symptomology and clinically manifested psychological distress exacerbates the functional impairment of OCDs patients. The functional impairment debilitates and gradually leads to poor treatment compliance as psychotherapy include the dysfunction area in treatment plan. The present study is intended to understand the relationship of the associated factors that will help facilitate the better understanding on etiological and therapeutic grounds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to American Psychiatric Association (2000), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD) is an anxiety disorder classified into Obsessions and Compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, id, images, or impulses that and individual experienced as senseless yet anxiety evoking. Compulsions are desires to engage in behavioral or mental acts according to specified rules or in reaction to obsessions (i.e., to lower down obsessional anxiety). However, individuals are unaware of the trigger and may perform stereotyped acts according to idiosyncratic rules (Wells, 1997). Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate. The most common obsessions concern thought about contamination, doubting, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual imagery (Wells, 1994; Wells Morrison, 1994 as cited in Wells, 1997). A compulsion is a repetitive behavior that is overt or covert. Overt compulsions include hand washing, checking, ordering, or alignment of objects. Covert compulsions are mental acts such as praying, counting, or repeating words. The goal of these overt and covert compulsions is to reduce or prevent anxiety or distress (Wells, 1997). Symptom Severity Severe OCD is characterized by Substantial frequency of obsessions and compulsions (from 4 hours a day to every minute of the patients waking hours), Substantial impairment from the OCD (usually in all domains of life including social, work, and family), Poor insight into the symptoms (or how realistic the patient thinks their fears are), and/or Substantial co morbidity which complicates the presentation of the symptoms (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia). Severity of symptoms, as characterized by high frequency of symptoms or significant distress, is often measured through self-report measures such as the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002). Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions often have themes of fear of contamination or dirt, having things orderly and symmetrical, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual images or thoughts. However, compulsions typically have themes of washing and cleaning, counting, checking, demanding reassurances, performing the same action repeatedly, and orderliness (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). Studies indicate that there are clinically meaningful differences among these symptom-based subtypes. It was reported that OCD patients with compulsive hoarding report higher levels of anxiety and depression, greater impairment in occupational, family, and social functioning and poorer response to pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral treatment (Abramowitz, Franklin, Schwartz, Furr, 2003). Despite the documented detrimental effects of OCD on quality of life, evidence suggests that not all individuals with OCD are uniformly impaired. Masellis, Rector, and Richter (2003) found that severity of obsessions, but not compulsions, was related to lower overall quality of life. Similarly, Eisen et al., (2006) reported that severity of obsessions and comorbid depression predicted impairment across eight domains of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction, whereas compulsion severity was related only to impaired work functioning. In contrast, Stengler-Wenzke, Kroll, Riedel-Heller, Matschinger, and Angermeyer (2007) found obsessions to be unrelated to Quality of life ratings, but that severity of compulsions was associated with reduced physical and psychological well-being, as well as impairment in social and family life and leisure activities. Cognitive Appraisal Grinker and Spiegel (1945, as cited in Sincero, 2012), explained appraisal as a process that requires mental activity involving judgment, discriminating and choice of activity based largely on the past experiences of and individual. According to Lazarus (1984), cognitive appraisal occurs in reaction to stress. One is the threatening tendency of the stress to the individual, and second is the evaluation of the resources that is required to minimize, tolerate or eradicate the stressor and the stress it produces. According to Lazarus, appraisal takes two forms, Primary Appraisal and Secondary Appraisal. Primary appraisal has been distinguished into irrelevant, benign-positive and stressful. Irrelevant implies when experiences not stressful, it falls within the category of irrelevant (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). The appraisal of relevancies is not themselves of great concern, but the cognitive processes by which these events are appraised. Benign-positive appraisal occurs if the outcome of encounter is constructed as positive and enhances well-being. These appraisals are characterized by positive emotions. Stress appraisal includes harm/loss, threat and challenge. In harm/loss, damage to the person is suspected. Threat concerns are the anticipated harms or lose. Challenge appraisal focus on the potential for gain or growth inherent in an encounter and they are characterized by pleasurable emotions such as eagerness, excitement, and exhilaration, whereas threat centers on the potential harms and is characterized by negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger (Lazarus Folkman, 198 4). The aim of secondary appraisal is to provide information about the individuals coping options in a situation. It has three components including problem focused coping, emotion focused coping and future expectancy. When an individual is deciding whether a situation is a threat or challenge, or he must do something to manage the situation, secondary appraisal becomes significant in order to figure out what might and can be done. Secondary appraisal activity is crucial feature of stressful encounter (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). When an individual is faced with adverse situation, something needs to be done to control it and avoid any subsequent consequences. Secondary appraisal follows primary appraisal of a situation. This necessarily includes evaluation of the situation and suitable reaction. The person than evaluate what can be done to cope with a particular situation. The reaction to the situation is decided by carefully analyzing what is at stake and what can be done to reduce negative consequences (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Cognitive Models of OCD According to OLeary (2005), the number of cognitive models describing OCD phenomenon. These illustrate the rate of dysfunctions in general cognitive processing or dysfunction in cognitive appraisal and beliefs. Salkovskis Model (1985; Wells, 1997) based on cognitive and behavioral concepts in the formulation of obsessional problems. It theorized that the importance of appraisal of intrusion as the major source of distress, rather than the content of the intrusion itself. The appraisal of the significance of intrusions is determined by underlying beliefs. Once negative appraisals of responsibility occur, the second process of initiation of neutralizing responses which may be internal or external begins. When a person neutralized the intrusive thought he attempts to reduce responsibility and discomfort. Thus, the recurrences of intrusions become more likely because responses to them result in such cognitions acquiring greater salience. Studies have found significant correlations between responsibility and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in both clinical (e.g., OCCWG, 2001) and nonclinical participants (Freeston, Ladouceur, Thibodeau, Gagnon, 1992; as cited in OLeary, 2005). According to Rachman (1998; as cited in OLeary, 2005), the catastrophic misinterpretation about the importance of unwanted thoughts made by a person increases the range and seriousness of potentially threatening stimuli. In this way numbers of neutral stimuli that were insignificant are interpreted as threatening. This transfer of the neutral stimuli and situation to potentially threatening ones increases the range of threats and therefore increases the opportunities for the provocation of obsessions. This happens with both internal as well as external cues. In internal cues, the person deduces a threat from the fact of feeling anxious. Moreover, when the patient feel anxious he interpret it as if he is losing control of self and thus there is an increased likelihood that he will act upon the unwanted impulse. Hence, the catastrophic misinterpretation of ones anxiety can interact to increase the misinterpretation of the intrusion. Neutralizing prevents exposure to any disconfirming e vidence regarding the personal significance of the intrusive thoughts. This cycle remains until the catastrophic misinterpretation is changed or reduced and the internal or external stimuli are no longer interpreted as threatening. Quality of life The World Health Organization (1994) defines Quality of Life as an individuals perception of his/her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she lives, and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad-ranging concept, compromising of the persons physical health, psychological state, social relationships, and their relationship to salient features of their environment (Hollar, 2012, p.74). Obsessive compulsive disorder may significantly affect self-care, social relationships, occupational functioning, family and marital relationships, child-rearing capacities, and use of recreations or spare time (American Psychological Association, 2007). Bobes (2001) revealed that patients with obsessive-compulsive illness had definite impairment in all domains of quality of life other than physical functioning. Similar findings emerged from the studies of Moritz (2005) and Eisen (2006), also showed that as compared to general population, OCD patients have poor health related quality of life in all domains except physical health. Few studies, however, have examined whether OCD symptom dimensions are differentially associated with impairment in functioning and Quality of life. Only one study to date has evaluated the impact of different dimensions of OCD symptoms on Quality of life. Fontenelle et al., (2010) found that whereas depression severity predicted impairment across eight domains of functioning assessed by SF-36, only hoarding and washing, but not other OCD symptom domains, predicted impairment in other areas of functioning social functioning and limitations due to physical health problems, respectively. OCD sufferers generally recognize their obsessions and compulsions as irrational, and may become further distressed by this realization. Cummins (2000) suggest that it is difficult to define Quality of Life because it can be characterized in both objective and subjective terms (as cited in Barofsky, 2012). According to Spranger Schwartz (1999), Quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept: perspective can change with the onset of major illness. With the onset of illness, individuals relevant cognitive or affective processes (e.g. in their health or lives) include making comparisons of ones situation, with others who are better or worse off. People may adjust to deteriorating circumstances because they want to feel as good as possible about themselves (Ayers, et al. 2007). According to Salkovskis (1985) the difference between the obsessive compulsive disorder patient who experience prominent distress and disturbance lies in the meaning they make out of their obsessions. However, normal individual tends to view these intrusions as meaningless and benign whereas OCD patient make catastrophic interpretation out to these cognitive intrusions. These maladaptive interpretations discriminates the OCD patients. Cognitive models of OCD implied that a thought will be distressing and repetitive depending on the meaning assigned to it, not because of the content of obsessional thoughts (Teachman, 2005). The Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) has shown that symptom severity correlates with appraisals of intrusive thoughts among individuals with OCD. In comparison with individuals who do not have OCD, those with OCD appraise unwanted intrusive thoughts as more important to control and as conveying more responsibility for preventing harm related to the thought (OCCWG, 2001). Purdon and Clark (1994) suggested that high scores on measures of OCD suggest that the individual is more likely to believe that intrusive and unwanted thought will occur in real life and will experience more guilt in reaction to those thoughts. Appraisals that one could act on the intrusive thought as well as appraisals about control, responsibility and the significance of the thought for ones personality also correlate with the OCD symptoms (as cited in Corcoran and Woody, 2007). Thus, models of Obsessive compulsive disorder showed that cognitive appraisal of unwanted intrusive thoughts will produce significant distress in patients having OCD that in turn will affect quality of life. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between Cognitive Appraisal and Psychological and Physical well-being (Coyne, Aldwin Lazarus, 1981; Harris, Heller Braddock, 1988; Jerusalem, 1993; Nezu, 1986). There is a general Conesus among research that an individual appraisal of the significance of the situation in terms of personal well-being will be a major determinant of affect (Carver et al., 1989; Harris et al., 1988; Lazarus Folkman, 1987; Lazarus, 1991; Smith Ellsworth, 1985). The way a person evaluates the significance of an event for him/her produces different emotional reaction, making some people more vulnerable to adverse effect than other (Kessler et al., 1983; as cited in Kausar, 1994). Perceived control experienced by an individual has an effect on outcome (Partridge Johnston, 1989). Increased levels of perceived personal control are associated with more favorable psychological adjustment (Folkman, 1984) and perceived lack of control on the other hand predicts psyc hological symptoms (Prime-Emberry, 1972; as cited in Kausar, 1994). How an individual appraises and copes with the stress is important to his/her well-being (Antonovsky, 1979; Lazarus 1981). According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), a fit between cognitive appraisal and coping strategies is postulated to produce a better outcome. Johnson and Kenkel (1991) concluded that appraisals of threat (Appraisal of self, holding self back) and use of coping strategies of detachment and seeking social support were associated with emotional distress. Moreover, Felsten (1991) suggested that appraisals of challenges and expectations of successful coping should be associated with lower distress and better well-being. Rassin et al. (2001; as cited in Yorulmaz, 2007) suggested that unwanted and intrusive thoughts are experienced by everyone and the difference between normal and abnormal lies in the appraisal process, frequency and distress. Therefore, the examination symptom severity and cognitive app raisal as the predictors of quality of life of OCD patients may facilitate the understanding if the distress and impairment faced by them. In OCD, primary appraisal occurs in conjunction with the intrusive thoughts associated with obsessions, and secondary appraisal leads to faulty coping (compulsions and avoidance). According to Carr (1971), patients with OCD typically overestimate the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in the context of primary appraisal (during obsessions) (as cited in Stein, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009) and they perform compulsive behaviors in order to reduce perceived threat. In term of cognitive domains, studies of patients with OCD have found an exaggerated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat, perfectionism, over importance of thoughts, need for control and intolerance of ambiguity (Rachman, 1993; Salkovskis, 1985; as cited in Sten, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009). Individuals with OCD report markedly reduced Quality of life and general well-being, diminished occupational attainment, impaired family functioning, and higher rates of suicidal thought attempts. According to Koran et al. ( 1996), severity of OCD is inversely correlated with social functioning (as cited in Simpson, Neria, Fernandaz Schneier, 2010). According to Teachman (2007), subjective cognitive complaints exacerbate the effects of obsessional beliefs, and promote maladaptive responses to intrusive thoughts thus increasing the severity of the OCD symptoms. In present study, it is intended to explore mediating role of Cognitive Appraisal on Quality of Life perceived by Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients with Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal of the disorder are expected to impair the patients functioning. Literature Review This section includes the review of the studies that investigated the studied variables that are Symptom Severity, Cognitive Appraisal and Quality of life. Kumar, Sharma, Kandavel Reddy (2012) examined the contribution of cognitive appraisals to the quality of life (QoL) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. In Cross sectional study, it was hypothesized that cognitive appraisals of obsession contribute to poor quality of life in OCD patients. Sample size was 31 consecutive patients from Behavioral Medicine Unit of the NIMHANS and 30 Normal controls. Exclusion criteria were patients having severe co morbid psychiatric, physical and neurological disorder. The assessment was done by using mini Internal Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), the YBOCS severity scale, Clinical Global Impression-severity, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Interpretation of Intrusive Inventory-31 and WHOQOL-BREF. Data was analyzed using independent t-test and chi-square test. Relationship between the domains of cognitive appraisal and the QoL after controlling for the duration of symptoms was analyzed by using Partial correlation. The resul ts indicated that all the domains of cognitive appraisal have strong negative relationship with psychological domain of QoL. Thought control and inflated personal responsibility also correlated negatively with the total QoL. Cognitive appraisal specifically contributes to poorer QoL in OCD so modification of beliefs and appraisal may be essential for better QoL. Main limitations were small size, patients were recruited from Behavioral Medicine Unit of major psychiatric hospital, and findings may not be easily generalized. Sample was predominantly male so its important to examine gender difference in cognitive appraisal and its relationship to QoL. Fontelle et al., (2010) in a study compared patients with OCD and normal on severity of different OCD dimensions and levels of QoL of patients with OCD. Further, it was also investigated the socio demographic variables and co occurring depressions and anxiety symptoms have significant contribution in impairment of QoL of OCD patient. They hypothesized that universal pattern of impairment in the physical, mental, and social aspects of quality of life of patient will be associated with more significant hoarding symptoms. The patients with the diagnosis of OCD were included; age between 18-80 years and without any other neurological, endocrinological or systematic disorder. The measures used were Saving inventory revised (SI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R), Medical Outcome Study 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Chi-square and independent student t-test was used for the comparison of categorical a nd continuous variables respectively. The patient who met the inclusion criteria was 135 out of which 65 were patients, and 70 were controls. The result supported the hypothesize only partially, the decline in particular aspects of patients QoL was significantly associated with hoarding and washing symptoms for but co occurring symptoms, the most prominent determinant of the impairment of QoL of subject with OCD were depressive and anxious ones. The study had limitations that sample was taken from specialized institutions, second control group was of nonclinical individuals, rating on depression scale and QoL Instrument may be dependent on state and change during continuity of OCD, they applied generic tool for measuring QoL in OCD. Teachman (2007) studied subjective concerns about cognitive decline partially mediate this relationship between obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms across young and older adult age group in a large community sample. The sample size was 335 including males and females. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire and Memory Functioning Questionnaire were used. This study attempted to evaluate the modification of cognitive model proposed by Rachman and Salkovskis. The results provide support to cognitive models of obsessions and suggest that obsessional beliefs that have been validated in younger adult samples are also important for older adults. It was shown that the relationship among subjective cognitive concerns, obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms was consisted but older patients showed greater subjective cognitive concerns, Grant et al. (2006) carried out a study to find out the differences of OCD patients with primary OCD and sexual obsessions and OCD patients without sexual obsession on number of clinical variables. They included co morbidity, symptom severity, insight, quality of life, and social and occupational functioning under the clinical domains. 293 subjects, meting criteria for OCD, aged 19 years or older were included and interviewed. Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorder, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) to assess OCD symptom severity, Subject Clinical Global Improvement scale was used to evaluate the response towards medication. Rating on the degree to which previous treatments have proved to be effective was taken on 7 point scale. Brown assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) was used to evaluate the insight and current Depressive symptom and QOL by were assessed by using 17-item Hamilton Rating scale for Depression and Quality of life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionn aire respectively. The findings supported the hypothesize that earlier age of OCD, presiding entry in treatment, increased rate of aggressive and religious obsession onset was related to having OCD with sexual obsessions, and also with increaser depressive symptoms, longer duration of treatment, and higher rates of impulse control disorder. Teachman, Woody and Magee (2006) attempted to evaluate cognitive theories of obsessions and they experimentally manipulated appraisals of the importance of intrusive thoughts. The design contained both experimental and quasi-experimental elements. Implicit Association Test was used to examine the influence of instructions about the importance versus meaninglessness of unwanted thoughts on reaction time. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory III, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form, State Self-Esteem Scale, and Personal Significance Scale were the part of study. Results indicated that the manipulation shifted implicit appraisals of unwanted thoughts in the expected direction, but not self-evaluation of morality or dangerousness. Interestingly, explicit self-esteem and beliefs about the significance of unwanted thoughts were associated wit the measure of OCD beliefs, whereas implicit self-evaluations of danger ousness were better predicted by the interaction of pre-existing OCD beliefs with the manipulation. Libby et al., (2004) studied Cognitive Appraisals in young people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The study had two aims to investigate whether the same pattern of cognitive appraisal found in studies with adults will be observed in the younger population. A secondary aim of the study was to establish the relationship between cognitive appraisal and the extent these predict obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Three groups of young people aged between 11 and 18 years old were recruited for the study. First group were of patients with OCD, second was patient with anxiety disorder and third one was non clinical group. Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version, Responsibility Attitude Scale, thought-Action Fusion Scale, and Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was used n the study. The young people with OCD had significantly higher scores on inflated responsibility, thought-action fusion, and one aspect of perfectionism, concern over mistakes, than the other groups. In addition, inflated responsibility independently predicted OCD symptom severity. The results generally supported the cognitive appraisals held by adults with OCD to young people with the disorder. Saxena et al., (2010) conducted a research to compare compulsive hoarding and non compulsive hoarding OCD patients across variety of QoL domains. They hypothesized that hoarders would be older and have lower FAF scores than non hoarding OCD patients. Secondly, hoarding patients would be less satisfied with their living situations, given their amount of clutter, and hoarders would have greater victimization/ safety concerns and finally hoarders would have greater financial problems and receive more social service assistance than non-hoarding OCD patients. To study this171 adult patients were selected (84 males, 87 females) with age aged 18-72. They were diagnosed OCD and treated openly between 1998 and 2005. Out of these patient 34 met criteria of having compulsive hoarding syndrome. 137 patients didnt report any hoarding symptoms. Patient presented with a wide range of co morbid diagnosis. Those with active psychosis, mania, dementia, mental retardation or other cognitive impairment were excluded. Standardized rating scales were used to assess symptom severity and level of functioning. YBOCS was used to measure OCD symptom severity. Severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by 28 item Hamilton Depression rating scale (HDRS-28) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) respectively. QoL was assessed with Lehman Quality of Life Interview Short. Obtained scores for QoL between 2 groups were compared using Analysis of Variance procedures. ANCOVA were performed with covariates and also for secondary analysis on individual items. Results showed that compulsive hoarders were significantly older that non hoarding OCD patients. QoL scores on victimization and safety factors differed significant between 2 groups. Hoarder felt less safe in streets and less satisfied with protection. Both groups had significant occupational impairment, unemployment and disability. Discrepancy in sample size between 2 patient groups and intensive patient setting were the limitation s of study. Eisen et al., (2006) conducted a study to assess multiple aspects of QoL in individuals with OCD. It was hypothesized that all aspects of QoL would be affected, and that severity of OCD symptoms and depressive symptoms would be associated with impairment in QoL. 5 years prospective naturalistic study was conducted on 197 participants with an age 18 years or older, primary OCD. An exclusion criterion was having an organic mental disorder. YBOCS, Brown assessment of Belief scale, Modified Hamilton rating scale for Depression, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Occupational Functioning assessment scale, Medical outcome survey 36-item short form Health Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was conducted to assess relationship between clinical features of OCD and QoL. Results showed that YBOCS score of 20 appeared to be an inflection point where QoL becomes significantly more impaired, suggesting that functioning and QoL, may be preserved in individu als with OCD until threshold of severity is crossed. Limitations of the study were participants seeking treatment and therefore finding may not apply to those individuals who do not seek treatment. Moreover, subjects were evaluated only once. It was suggested that the role of treatment in improving QoL in OCD should be further investigated along with a need to assess which aspect of QoL and psychological functioning. Guraraj et al., (2008) conducted research in which they hypothesized that patients suffering from severe OCD may have comparable level of global functioning, family burden and QoL and disability with patient suffering from schizophrenia. 70 subjects from National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience gave informed consent. Inclusion criteria were (a) a primary diagnosis of DSM IV OCD/schizophrenia (b) continuous illness for the previous 2 year (c) Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of > 4 (d) availability of a primary care giver involved in patient care for 2 years Mini-international Neuropsychiatry Interview was conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), World Health Organization (WHO-Quality of life (QOL)(BREF Version), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-II (WHO-DAS-II). Family Burden Schedule (FBS) were used to assess global functioning, quality of life and disability. ANCOVA was employed with age of onset and duration of illne ss as covariate for comparison of family burden, QoL and disability between 2 groups. Pearson correlation between socio demographic/ clinical variable, family accommodation and functioning with family burden were performed. The results demonstrated that severe OCD is associated with significant impairment in functioning and severe family burden and disability. QoL was poor and severe OCD and schizophrenia are often associated with comparable disability, family burden and poor QoL. Huppert et al., (2009) compared the QoL of OCD patients with functioning of matched healthy controls. They hypothesized that OCD patients in remission would report similar QoL and functioning matched healthy controls (HCs), while individuals with OCD would report poorer QoL and functional impairment. Additional prediction was that OCD patients and comorbid psychiatric disorder would report the worst QoL and functional impairment. Finally, Individuals with a history of OCD (current or past) increased severity of OCD would be related to decrease in QoL and increased functional impairment, even when controlling for depression. 66 comprised the current sample. 36 HCs were included. They were matched on age, sex and ethnicity. Stru

Market analysis of the Procter and Gamble company

Market analysis of the Procter and Gamble company Procter Gamble is a major U.S. manufacturer of soaps, cleansers, and other household products. PG have three main product lines: household and personal care, food consumer and health care products. PG interact with over five million consumers each year in approximately sixty countries around the world (PG. 2010). PG has remained on the Fortune 500 listing since 1955 and has never ranked less than number 35 in the last fifty-five years (AGG Data. 2010). In 2009, it ranked number 20 of Fortune 500 companies with revenue of $83.503.00 million and profit of $12,075.00 million (AGG Data. 2010). According to Mr. John E. Pepper, CEO Procter Gamble, the company has a history of growth and expansion. Every ten years for the last fifty years, the company has doubled their business. He feels the companys success has been based on their brands, including those that created a whole new category. For example Pampers was the first affordable disposable diaper and Crest was the first fluoride toot hpaste both manufactured by Procter Gamble (Pepper. 1999). No company in the world has invested more money in consumer and market research than Procter Gamble. Each year the company conducts at least fifteen thousand research studies and invests three-hundred and fifty million dollars in consumer research (PG. 2010). In order for the company to maintain profitable and grow, they must engage in strategic development that encompasses relooking at their processes, structures and culture and creating the hub and spoke structure for competitive intelligence operations. Company Background: Procter Gamble was formed in 1837 when brother-in-laws James Gamble, a soap maker and William Procter, a candle maker joined forces. The firms starting capital was $7,192.24 and they agreed on a 50/50 distribution partnership (American Chemical Society. 2007). Formation of the company coincided with the economic expansion of the United States. Their first products, soap and candles, were transported by steamboats down the Ohio River to Mississippi and New Orleans. By 1850, the company was able to expand their distribution to additional markets using railroads. The company grew into a million-dollar enterprise during the Civil War when the firm obtained contracts to supply the Union Army with soap and candles. However, in 1879 the company was forced to eliminate its candle making when consumers switched to kerosene. The company expanded its soap making to stay competitive by experimenting with developing a castile-like product that was inexpensive enough to be mass marketed. Ivory So ap was the answer. The soap was made from coconut and palm oil, lathered easily, remained solid and lasted longer than other soaps. The company aggressively marketed the new product and the success of Ivory led Procter Gamble to being a multi-million dollar industrial icon. In the 1930 and 40s, the company utilized technology and chemical experimentation to expand its product line into synthetic detergents that were marketed globally. The company introduced Dreft and then Tide. Now it was no longer consider just a soap company. The company later began to make personal-care items such as toothpaste, shampoo, and deodorant; food products such as cake mixes and coffee; and miscellaneous products such as cellulose pulp and chemicals. Mission Statement Vision Statement: Vision Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services in the world Mission Procter and Gamble will continue to serve consumers by continuously innovating products that will allow us to be leaders in household and personal care, health care, and food products. To produce products with the utmost care to give nothing but quality to our communities. And to continue to grow so that we can maximize our shareholders wealth (Procter Gamble. 2010). Procter Gamble was built on the theory of touching consumer lives with brands that make life a little better every day. They connect with consumers by offering affordable products and packaging specially designed to meet consumer needs which has allowed Procter Gamble to remain profitable for one hundred-seventy three years. Internal Analysis External Analysis: Procter Gamble has a strong internal and external foundation. It has built its reputation on achieving the goals it sets forth, following their vision and establishing principles based on their beliefs about business and consumers. The company has remained a front competitor in innovation by introducing new and improved products to consumers brought on by market changes. PG realizes that in a competitive market speed of research and development is a key element. Mr. Michael Allan, Director of Baby-Care stated to Mr. Pepper, CEO, It wont be the big that eat the small; it will be the fast that eat the slow (Pepper. 1999). Procter Gamble realized that the company needed to refocus their attention to continue to achieve a winning strategy to meet internal and external challenges. Leadership felt that their growth was to slow and their complexity was too high. Their objective became to build and create leadership brands globally better than ever before and to capitalize on the knowledge , capability and commitment of its employees. This will be achieved by simplification of the organization structure, minimizing processes, introducing technology and making strategic changes to their culture. SWOT analysis of your plans focus area(s): Strengths: Profitable Adaptability of Product Line to meet consumer needs. One of Procter Gambles strengths is it remain profitable in a struggling economy. It produces products that are personal care items that are necessities even in hard times. Procter Gamble 2009 annual report to investors shows it employed 102,000 employees in 80 countries and reported net sales $79,029 million (PG. 2009). The Board of Directors proposed a dividend of $1.64 per share for 2009 (PG. 2009). Since the corporation is profitable, they are able to invest these profits into acquiring additional companies that will add new products and services to its portfolio to focus on consumers needs. Weakness: Turnaround time for Research and Development products. Complexity of organization structure Currently research products take three to four years to develop and market. Given the consumer demands and competition this is too long and the company sales declined in 2009 compared to 2008. PG organizational structure is multi-tiered for each product line. Changing environment necessitates scale down of management positions and develop the hub and spoke structure for competitive intelligence operations. Opportunities: Global marketing New Products, improvement in existing products, manufacturing and marketing techniques. Procter Gamble has the opportunity to market products in emerging technologies. By positioning themselves in the development of new products and improvements to existing products they are at the forefront of technology development with vast opportunities for growth. This has the potential to lead to an increase in customers and raise profits. PG also has the opportunity to market their products in other international areas. Currently PG products are sold in 180 countries (PG. 2009). The corporate structure provides the framework to tap the benefits of a global organization with speed and efficiency. Threats: Ecological Factors Economic Factors Sales are dependent on consumer spending. When the economy is weak and consumers reduce spending, PG feels the impact. They must remain competitive with prices and offer diversification of their market line so they can maintain a financial balance. PG operations must remain compliant with governmental regulations concerning recycling and bio-degradable materials and other mandated ecological factors to preserve the environment. Goals: (3-5 years) Eliminate the overlap in management Initiate the hub spoke structure for competitive intelligence operations Expand sales of product line globally International expansion to markets with potential for growth and limited competition exits Decrease turnaround time for research and development products Customer responsiveness Product development cycles Product or service improvements Speed in delivery or distribution Develop open Innovation Strategy Emphasis on process innovation that permits low-cost product design, manufacturing methods and distribution Product cost reduction Long Term Objectives Support the business strategy, organizational principles and culture. Attract and retain required talent Accept financial responsibility to shareholders The goal of long term objectives is to support the business strategy as change is implemented. The strategy should be the reference point and link to the design and mechanics of implementation. Linking plan design to the business strategy generates employee motivation and buy- in to the changes being implemented which establishes the culture of the work environment. Attract and retain required talent ensures profitability and endurance. Position PG to be the employer of choice by offering attractive, competitive employment opportunities for long-term financial security across many global locations. Build a personnel structure that allows mobility as changes to organizational structure are deemed necessary. Remain profitable and supportive to shareholders by declaring yearly dividend on stock holdings. Strategy Analysis and Choice: Generic Strategy: Differentiation A long term strategy must be based on a core idea or generic strategy that gives direction to the company to strategically compete in the consumer marketplace. Differentiation for Procter Gamble involves creating unique products and marketing them to consumers by stressing their products qualities are superior to its competitors. This strategy defines loyal customers who will pay a premium price for their brand because they truly believe in the product. Marketing should be aimed at the qualities that set the product apart and above its competition. Grand Strategy: Concentric Diversification Grand strategies are the basis of coordinating and sustaining efforts toward achieving long-term business objectives by providing basic direction for strategic actions. Concentric diversification is a key grand strategy for Procter Gamble. It involves acquiring businesses that are compatible with PG in terms of technology, markets and products. According to Pearce Robinson, The ideal concentric diversification occurs when the combined company profits increase the strengths and opportunities and decrease the weakness and expose to risk (Pearce Robinson. 2010. P. 221). Plan Goals and Implementation: Procter Gamble should continue to monitor trends in the market and consumer requests for products and implement a corporate retrenchment strategy to enable them to expand their product line and to make their product available to other international locations based on market research. This can be implemented by PG conducting a stakeholder management survey. By hiring a global marketing information firm to conduct a stakeholder management survey, the information can be used to identify, prioritize and develop improvement initiatives in areas that needed improvement as identified by consumers. The survey would also provide geographical information on profitable areas to introduce PG products. An increase in research and technology operating budget will allow emerging technologies to continue to be developed and products readily available to consumers. According to Information Week, Procter Gamble management structure is reorganizing the companys current corporate structure is four geo graphic business units. The new structure will now be seven global business units based on product categories which is call the product team structure. The company is highly energized and moving forward with increased spending in Information technology (InformationWeek. 1999). Critical Success Factors: Critical success factors are the steps that the business, both management and employees, must take to bring the strategies into a reality. The factors may vary from time to time, but they must be addressed in order for the company to operate at optimal efficiency. . A critical factor for Procter Gamble is quality and innovation. The company must aggressively market new products and bring research technologies to customers quicker. Critical success factors are beneficial to companies as they provide focus and keep the employees and management going in the same direction. Another critical success factor is increasing revenues. A company must be profitable to be successful. Another factor is expansion of customer service. PG must be reachable when consumers have a question. Controls and Evaluation: Controls must be in place to evaluation success. Financial statements will validate if sales are increasing and profits are increasing. Forecasting is a vital control. A monthly and yearly projection should be made by management to project the sales of products by area. The evaluation would be done monthly to compare the plan to the actual units sold. This information will provide PG with marketing information for inventory qualities, product turnover and stagnant product lines. Conclusion Todays market is characterized by highly competitive organizations which are all vying for consumers loyalty. Firms are faced with the challenge to maintain their own competitive edge to be able to survive and be successful. Procter Gamble was built on the theory of touching consumer lives with brands that make life a little better every day. They continue to connect with consumers by offering affordable products and packaging specially designed to meet consumer needs. Procter and Gamble must maintain an innovative approach by introducing new products and re-facing existing product lines to compete and satisfy consumer demands, to allow them to remain profitable for the next one hundred-seventy three years.

The Big Issue in the North Essay -- Social Issues, Homelessness, Crime

This essay will concentrate on the Big Issue in the North (BIIN) which is part of a social business with the solution and support systems to help eradicate social problems and create opportunities for people â€Å"who have had a raw deal in life†,(Swithinbank,2001) empowering them to change their lives. The BIIN is a limited company employing staff to write, design and distribute the magazine. Vendors buy the magazine for one pound and sell it for two pounds, making a 100 per-cent profit. Some of this money must be re-invested into buying more magazines; the rest is kept by the vendor. In this way, despite being socially excluded, the vendor has a regular wage. This encourages people to make efforts to develop routine and stability and gives them opportunity to change their lives for the better. This essay will look at how the Big Issue partakes in current legislation; the history of the Big Issue; study the internal structure of the organisation and demonstrate how the Big Is sue ensures effectiveness and manages constraints. Every Government which has come into power has tried to eradicate homelessness, and lower crime rates. The 2002 Homelessness Act defined provisions that local councils, homeless agencies and housing associations have to follow to develop and help eradicate homelessness. Shelter says â€Å"it is glad the government has come round to its view that street homelessness is only the most visible form of homelessness† (Walker, 2002). As a result of these acts the BIIN in Liverpool partake in monthly meetings with other agencies such as the Whitechapel, Basement and Mental Health teams. The Liverpool Homelessness Strategy 2008- 11, sets out how all stakeholders such as the BIIN will focus on prevention of homelessness ... ...he ways staff overcomes this difficulty is by using internet resources, pictures and power phrasing words. In extreme circumstances staff can consult a translator, however this is expensive. Another constraint is staff storages which mean out of town vendors are not always monitored as often as city centre vendors. This could be managed by having a staff member once a month committed to out of town visits. Finally this essay has shown how the BIIN gives homeless people the opportunity to earn an income it also gives them motivation and self-esteem and goes beyond just selling the magazine. This essay shows the BIIN works in partnership with many agencies by sharing information, by following government guidelines and offering people a â€Å"hand up instead of hand out†. The BIIN also demonstrates that all individuals should be included in society and be valued.

Antigone is a Tragic Hero Essay -- essays papers

Antigone is a Tragic Hero A subject of debate in Sophocles’ play Antigone is which character complies with the characteristics of a tragic hero. The qualities that constitute a tragic hero are, in no particular order, having a high social position, not being overly good or bad, isolation, being tenacious in their actions, arousing pity in the audience, a revelatory manifestation, and having a single flaw that brings about their own demise and the demise of others around them. Creon possesses some of these qualities but, does not completely fulfill them all. Antigone does, however, conform to the persona of a tragic hero. The first qualifying aspect is that Antigone has a high social position. She is the daughter of Jocasta and Oedipus (the former king and queen of Thebes), and the niece of Creon (the present king of Thebes). Because of her stature she is capable of suffering more and losing the fame and regard she holds. Some may argue that because she had no political power she does not qualify to be a tragic hero but, she is still a powerful figure in Thebes. She was to be wed to Creon’s son, Haemon, and it seemed as though the citizens of Thebes knew how tragic her life had become. Both Creon and Antigone show that they are not overly good or bad. Creon shows his negative side when he creates a law against burying Polyneices. His positive side is that he has let Antigone and Ismene live with him and raise them after their father passed on. Antigone expresses her positive side when she insists on burying her brother who has been killed in battle. Antigone isolates herself from others, a quality common among tragic heros. Ismene offers to share the crime of burying their brother but, Antigone denies the re... ...come of her life was due to her own fatal flaw. Antigone clearly captures the audiences pity. Creon’s stubbornness and lack of compassion do not win pity. When Creon’s wife and son die the pity is shifted to them not Creon. All of Thebes sympathizes with Antigone, especially after she has been sentenced to die. Haemon even tells Creon what people have said. â€Å"And I have heard them, muttering and whispering†¦No other woman‘, So they are saying, ‘so undeservedly Has been condemned for such a glorious deed‘† (Lines 693-695). It is obvious that she had the pity of the entire city except for Creon. Only the chorus sympathized with Creon at times. Not having pity disqualifies Creon as being the tragic hero. From her tenacity and personal strength in defying the law to her tragic death, Antigone captures the audience’s pity and sympathy. She is the tragic hero.

Joe and the Juice

Ind. Competence. Joe and the juice: Franchise – you pay royalty every month, whether you earn or not – You use the name. The concept have to be good and proved. Of course you need a lot of money to invest, because the main firm does not give a single penny for your business. When you see a concept that people like you have to carry on this wave. Partnership is not like franchise . There is no real influence with the concepts. You have to stick to what all think is a good idea. You got limitations. You can choose how to look like but you still get limitations about the main concept.Fremtiden – future : restaurant business is to rely the personnel. How you adapt different stores to different market? – number of personnel is different depending on how busy they are. Adjust the music, take best employees to make sure the new place is working good, adapt to peoples behaviour. Try to learn from mistakes and take much more time before you open a stoer, so you can know what the locals are and you can adapt to them. . Scandic hotel To give people away from home the feeling of being home. They run the hotels, they do not own them.Promises and missions are part of any hotel chain. People skills are vital and training is vital. Team members should speak their mind and discuss. More sales are more service. Self-service is no service, it is ignorance Customers pay grants for emotions. Every business has a potential. Brand is much more than a logo type. Brand platform needs to be relevant to the customers. It is an explanation to who we are. People away from home need warm and nice atmosphere and friends. Caring, casual, creative – these are the values of Scandic.

Labor and Delivery Nurse

Cassidy Howell Mrs. Savage medical Anatomy 3 10 April 2013 working class and pitch shot Nurse It was said surmount by an unknown author, If love female genital organt resume it, sop ups can. Nursing is a broad and honest kicker option. there are numerous different handle of nurse especi on the wholey there is Labor and Delivery. The duties of a aim and address nurses consist of assisting women during their pregnancy, fag, and post-birth. Labor and sales talk nurses must contain qualities of professionalism, good uninflected skills, and the ability to make quick decisions.Not unaccompanied do these nurses assist patients, they in like manner exponent families and col undertakingate with doctors (Labor and Delivery Nurse). All fields of care for have a hardly a(prenominal) things in common, one of them being the mandatory procreation. The first step to becoming a fatigue and auction pitch nurse is to be accepted into a college institution where you can majo r in treat. While be a such college, a travail and delivery nurse must fetch her Registered Nurse arc score, these degrees can be obtained in two or four years.The besides way to obtain a degree is to first get accepted into treat school, and complete all undergraduate requirements. During nursing school students take classes in the patient of arts, hard sciences, microbiology, organic chemistry, pathophysiology, psychology, and a semester of clinical education. In these classes nurse receives hands-on training at a infirmary ( Herlihy, S. ). There are legion(predicate) available colleges that aim a nursing degree. In the subject of Alabama, there are 41 colleges alone that offer an education in nursing.Both the infamous rival schools, Auburn University and University of Alabama, offer a major in nursing, so do their sub schools, Auburn University at capital of Alabama and University of Alabama in Huntsville. Not yet do the National Champions offer nursing degrees, but many a(prenominal) other colleges crossways the state including but not modified to Troy University, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of southerly Alabama, Jacksonville State University, and Jefferson State Community College (Hack College).Getting a degree alone is not plentiful a license is required to sustain an official nurse. The state of Alabama requires all future nurses to take an exam called the NCLEX (National Council Licensure Examination) that certifies them to be licensed to practice nursing in Alabama. After taking the exam, to become exclusively board certified in the particular(prenominal) field of labor and delivery nursing, picture as a staff nurse and clinical experience in labor and delivery is needed (Nursing Schools).After successfully acquire a degree in nursing, licensed, and rig a job, an income ranging between $45,000-$95,000 is to be expected. concord to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median one-year wage for a registered nur se is roughly $65,000. Its to be expected to let down lower, and have promotions along the way as more experience is gained. Other factors besides affect the salary, such as take aim of education and/or type of degree get toed, cost of living in the area, and nursing superfluousty.Salary especially fluctuates for a labor and delivery nurse. For example, a manager can earn high salaries that exceed $83,000 annually. Also, a womens health nurse practitioners (WHNPs) working in labor and delivery make more than $74,000 a year (Salary Information). There are many different options for a labor and delivery nurse, along with different settings within the labor and delivery unit. Options include direct care to patients in labor with un abstruse deliveries to those with pregnancies that are experiencing complications.Labor and delivery nurses also circulate the hospital floor to help manage patients in the operating room during deliveries and work as a surgical assistant during compl icated procedures. Labor and delivery nurses can also work in the nursery, where they help supervise and care for newborn babies (About Labor and Delivery Nurses). Every medical career has many personal awards, achieving a degree in a medical field is a big accomplishment alone. All medical fields combine science with care, and labor and delivery touches a special